The respiratory exercise significance in the olfaction restoration in the postcovid period

One of the pathognomonic COVID19 signs, occurring in 8598% of patients, is olfactory dysfunction, developing in the absence of pronounced nflammation and edema of the nasal mucosa. A promising medicine direction that helps restore microcirculation, increase blood oxygenation, improve metabolism and regenerate olfactory epithelial cells is the Nadi Shodhana breathing exercise technique. Objective: To assess the possibilities of using the pranayama technique as a method of restorative olfactory treatment in the postcovid period. Materials and methods: 79 persons aged 22 to 68 years with olfactory disturbances occurring at COVID19 and persisting in the postcovid period were examined. As a restorative treatment for olfactory disorders, the patients of the main group were offered a course of Nadi Shodhana breathing xercises, which is an alternate nostril breathing. Breathing training consisted of three such cycles performed three times a day at the same time for 5 days. The possibility of using the pranayama technique was assessed according to the visual analog scale. The control group consisted of 74 patients with olfactory disorders after COVID19 comparable in sex and age with the main group. Results: Olfactory disorders are characteristic of postCOVID patients. Using Nadi Shodhana breathing exercise course can significantly reduce the lfactory dysfunction level in this patient category. It was showen that the pranayama technique is more effective in people under 40 years of age. It was lso established that the olfaction restoration largely depends on the duration of the dysfunction period. Conclusion: The study results make it possible to recommend the using breathing exercises in patients underwent COVID19 to restore olfaction n the postCOVID period. Copyright: © 2018 Zhao Qi et al.

SARS-CoV-2 and microbiome: pathology, implications and therapeutic options

A multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of COVID-19 warrants close attention to the role of the intestinal microbiome in terms of disease pathology, disruption of local and systemic homeostasis, and possible treatment strategies. Dysbiotic disorders affect the immune system on the level of postvaccination immunity, influencing the likelihood and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, indicating the importance of intestinal microbiota in the prevention of complications and risk reduction. The fundamental factor in the stability of the intestinal microflora is a diet that includes regular consumption of probiotic foods, which support healthy microbiota. Restoration of damaged intestinal microbiota in cases of dysbiosis requires specific supplements and foods, which vary significantly for each symbiont. In clinical practice, the most appropriate approach is a differentiated one, taking into account the severity of the dysbiotic condition, comorbidities, and the age of the patients. A bacteria consortium of the human microbiome is the basis for a bioprobiotics complex with targeted action. The translational benefits of such therapy in most common COVID-19 syndromes are in detail presented in this chapter. We discuss the role of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the microbiota, as well as pathogenetic mechanisms of microbiota disruption, local and systemic influencing factors, and treatment strategies. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

[Fermented milk and probiotic foods are an important part of population diet during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic].

The problem of increasing the population antiviral immunity is of particular importance during the third year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Concomitant intestinal dysbiosis is known to play an significant role in immune cell dysfunction. Therefore, it is very important to take measures to maintain the gut microbiota using the most affordable nutritional remedies, which include fermented milk and probiotic products designed for mass population consumption and capable of enhancing their immune defence when added to the daily diet. The aim of the study was to analyze scientific evidence highlighting the role of intestinal microbiota in maintaining the macro-organism immunological balance, and to evaluate modern fermented milk and probiotic products in terms of their effect on normalising the gut microbiota and their importance in the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Material and methods. The presented scientific and analytical review analyzed the data of electronic resources of the Global Health platform, scientific libraries eLIBRARY.RU, Cochrane Library and CyberLeninka, the search system Google Academy¼, specialized sites for scientific publications ScienceDirect and Elsevier, bibliographic databases of articles on medical sciences MEDLINE, CDC infection diseases, Embase and PubMed- NCBI. The structural-logical, analytical and axiomatic methods were used. Results. It has been shown that normal intestinal microbiota takes part in maintaining metabolism in the digestive tract, increases the body's immune reactivity and regulates the functioning of all organs and systems. The severity of dysbiotic disorders can determine susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, the severity of this infection course, as well as the level of post-infection and post-vaccination anti-COVID-19 immunity. The high prevalence of gut dysbacteriosis indicates the need to strengthen measures of correcting dysbiotic disorders, including the inclusion of fermented and probiotic products in the daily population diet. Conclusion. Fermented milk and probiotic products, as sources of easily digestible macronutrients, essential micronutrients, biologically active substances and beneficial live microorganisms, should be included in the daily diet during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to increase the adaptive capacity and immunity of the population.

Medical students’ reactive anxiety as a quality criterion for distance learning during the sars-cov-2 pandemic

Background: Numerous studies have shown an effect of rapidly spreading SARS-COV-2 on combined anxiety-depressive disorders and maladjustment syndrome occurrences. Objective: To determine the primary medical students’ reactive anxiety level and the final scores of their educational progress in distance learning during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic. Materials and Methods: The study involved 824 students at medical universities in Saratov and Moscow. The assessment of the reactive anxiety level was carried out according to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI;the average score of students' academic performance was calculated according to the data of the technological platform "1C: Enterprise" version 8.4.1. The survey was completed during distance learning in May 2020. The quality of distance learning was compared to a similar score for 2019, when students were trained in a traditional way. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistica 6.0. Results: It was shown the presence of moderately severe disorders among the primary medical students according to the average score of reactive anxiety (43.28 ± 12.85), that expressed more in females s (p<0.05), After distance learning, lasting 25% of the whole course, the overall performance score in theoretical knowledge did not change significantly (p>0.05) but the practical skills suffered much especially in time trend (p<0.05). Novelty: It was found that a high level of the reactive anxiety negatively affects the students' adaptive capabilities and the education quality. The specificity of programs at different faculties can determine the state of the students' psychological status. Findings: Timely transition to online classes during pandemics helps to preserve the students' mental well-being and the quality of the educational process. The duration of distance learning for a practical course should not exceed 25% of the whole course. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee ESJ, Italy. Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (https:.

[Zinc status improving as a pathogenetically grounded platform for maintaining immunity during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic].

The problem of increasing immunity has become especially relevant in the conditions of the rapid spread of the new coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2. Nowadays it has been proven that a deficiency of certain micronutrients in the diet can disrupt chemical, structural and regulatory processes in the organism, which negatively affects, first of all, the state of immune system. Zinc is one of the most significant essential trace elements affecting immunological resistance. The aim of the study was to substantiate the need of including zinc-containing products and diet supplements in the diet of the population during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the basis of the study of pathogenetic mechanisms of various disorders of the immunological status under zinc deficit. Material and methods. This review analyzes the data from scientific electronic libraries CyberLeninka, eLIBRARY.RU, the Google Scholar databases and bibliographic medical databases MEDLINE and PubMed-NCBI. Results and discussion. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, adequate zinc supply is especially important, due to its antiviral, immunomodulatory and antiapoptotic effects. This element also regulates the severity of the cytokine response, exhibits antibacterial properties and helps to compensate for chronic comorbid diseases, which plays a particularly significant role in preventing severe SARS-CoV-2 and recurrent respiratory diseases. Prevention and correction of zinc deficiency is considered as one of the important measures during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, aimed at increasing antiviral and general immunity, reducing the systemic inflammatory response and correcting hormonal and metabolic status. Conclusion. The pathogenetically substantiated inclusion of zinc-containing foods and supplements in the diet will enhance the immunity of the population during the SARSCoV- 2 pandemic.

Possible prospects for using modern magnesium preparations for increasing stress resistance during COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: The relevance of the issue of increasing stress resistance is due to a significant deterioration in the mental health of the population caused by the special conditions of the disease control and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recently, the decisive role in the severity of clinico-physiological manifestations of maladjustment to stress is assigned to magnesium ions. The aim of the work was to study the magnesium importance in the body coping mechanisms under stress for the pathogenetic substantiation of the magnesium correction in an unfavorable situation of disease control and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: The theoretical basis of this scientific and analytical review was an analysis of modern Russian and foreign literature data posted on the electronic portals MEDLINE, PubMed-NCBI, Scientific Electronic Library eLIBRARY.RU, Google Academy, and CyberLeninka. Results and discussion: It was shown that the total magnesium level in the body plays the indicator role of the body functional reserves. Acute and chronic stresses significantly increase the magnesium consumption and cause a decrease in its body content. Magnesium deficiency is one of the main pathogenetic mechanisms of reducing stress resistance and adaptive body reserves. Arising during the COVID-19 pandemic, increased nervous and emotional tension, the lack of emotional comfort and balance can lead to the onset or deterioration of magnesium deficiency, which manifests itself in mental burnout and depletion of adaptive capacities. The inability to synthesize magnesium in the body necessitates including foodstuffs high in magnesium in the population diet during this period. The appointment of magnesium preparations is pathogenetically justified with moderate and severe magnesium deficiency. This therapy should take into account the major concomitant diseases, severity of magnesium deficiency, and a patient's age. Conclusion: magnesium correction, carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic, will contribute to increasing stress resistance, preventing mental diseases and improving the population's life quality. © 2020 Belgorod State National Research University. All rights reserved.